http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog daily 0.75 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1443815872506-T5C4APWYQBSC2XKKITAJ/crowd+at+AGU.JPG Blog http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2025/11/10/phd-topics-entry-september-2026 monthly 0.5 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/a0baab1f-81e5-472a-80ba-5acf965a63bd/IMG_1452.JPG Blog - PhD Topics - Entry September 2026 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1762795060903-4GI4WJP08J1R968OPBUZ/unsplash-image-vpfMop1njsU.jpg Blog - PhD Topics - Entry September 2026 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667297693297-CNAOPEWRTZ23F7J7QPAE/1+Reef+are+nurseries+for+many+of+the+ocean%27s+fish+%28Credit+Wiedenmann+D%27Angelo%29+mod.jpg Blog - PhD Topics - Entry September 2026 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1762795834641-4SVPFCK4NU6LAXU4KFVG/unsplash-image-yTbeF96YXNc.jpg Blog - PhD Topics - Entry September 2026 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1de2bfbb-1471-44c5-960c-ec1228932404/forams.jpg Blog - PhD Topics - Entry September 2026 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2024/10/23/phd-topics-for-entry-september-2025 monthly 0.5 2024-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1729677229635-CYFPJ49PYBIA213701IV/_4JB6235.jpg Blog - PhD Topics for Entry September 2025 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1729677288018-3G3KY4DHS899Y2HW8GEE/Main+picture.jpg Blog - PhD Topics for Entry September 2025 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1729677297958-SPJK9596JZGXM5NDIQZZ/About+our+Research.JPG Blog - PhD Topics for Entry September 2025 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1729677378721-0OFORZG6KL6XENGER6LR/Chalk.PNG Blog - PhD Topics for Entry September 2025 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2023/10/17/phd-projects-entry-september-2024 monthly 0.5 2023-11-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1697542342581-11AIW7K6Y2HNV18BDU78/_4JB6306.jpg Blog - PhD projects entry September 2024 - Laser Ablation System and Neptune MC-ICPMS in our Geochemistry Lab in Southampton https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1697542515920-1M5HR581EUO9WWAUJ8FF/foram_small.png Blog - PhD projects entry September 2024 - live planktonic foram live planktonic foram with calcite spines, streaming pseudopods and photosynthetic symbionts. Credit: Dr. Howard J. Spero, University of California, Davis/ Smithsonian NMNH https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1697542677085-X9T0EHCYMQCF9OKSJAWW/SedimentCores_900px-794x500.jpg Blog - PhD projects entry September 2024 - Image of a sediment core showing the PETM Red clay band in deep-sea sediment cores marks the onset of the PETM. Image courtesy of J. Zachos. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1699291634415-1NANHG1FPVUMFB48YNVM/_4JB6267.jpg Blog - PhD projects entry September 2024 - Our Neoma MS/MS MC-ICPMS The Neoma is a state of the art mass spec capable of removing interfering Ca ions that make boron by laser ablation difficult. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1699377503423-PT0H7R6NWV2RWQFE51EM/F1knm8dWAAEHDUI.jpg Blog - PhD projects entry September 2024 - Amoeboid foraminifera A confocal image of an amoeboid decalcified but living planktic foraminifera (see Bentov and Erez, 2005, Geology). The bright yellow areas are calcein stained, the red areas are symbionts. Image credit: David Evans http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2023/8/22/rushing-to-save-coral-reefs monthly 0.5 2023-11-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/8ed20cd3-a918-453e-a358-8cca816d2689/Coral+Vita+1.jpg Blog - Rushing to save Coral Reefs - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2022/11/1/phd-topics-for-entry-october-2023 monthly 0.5 2022-11-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667298554236-CW25BACA8RGIG1BHPZVR/Lung.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667297394089-UG9TWKXPQUKKJHZGOC1Z/Dianthus.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667297500092-8JFQK62IR49CGBI2MZ7P/AtlanticOcean.TMOA2003163_lrg.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667297693297-CNAOPEWRTZ23F7J7QPAE/1+Reef+are+nurseries+for+many+of+the+ocean%27s+fish+%28Credit+Wiedenmann+D%27Angelo%29+mod.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667297706299-IOHM8W73HAW3Y6YFKXN0/Close+up+of+Neptune+2+with+Andy+and+Matt+2.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1667298972209-OMEU5D5J8QF3YHLECUD7/Discovery.jpg Blog - PhD Opportunities @theFosterlab for entry October 2023 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2022/5/2/record-breaking-co2-again monthly 0.5 2022-05-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/ddef86df-405f-4910-9e4f-f23681e93899/CO2+update+2022.jpg Blog - Record breaking CO2 AGAIN - Make it stand out Atmospheric CO2 reconstructed from Marine proxies and ice core methods for the last 3.5 million years. Also shown is the CO2 for May 2022 (420 ppm) and the atmospheric record from mUana Loa http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2021/10/18/phd-opportunities-thefosterlab-2022-start monthly 0.5 2021-10-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1634558621693-30A8SEXEV3AU90OCK80U/Image+2.jpg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterlab 2022 Start - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1634559174508-ER7TP613FKTNOS4QMH4O/unsplash-image-XexawgzYOBc.jpg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterlab 2022 Start - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2021/10/4/job-vacancy-thefosterlab monthly 0.5 2021-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1633370168267-DR5C7SMOIQRO4Q9JO5H0/The+skeletons+of+corals+can+store+information+about+past+climate+%28Credit+Wiedenmann+D%27Angelo%29.jpg Blog - Job Vacancy @thefosterlab - Make it stand out The skeletons of corals can store information about past climate (Credit Wiedenmann D'Angelo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1633369987513-OAWZ0Y3FJ2TFI1RBUOAV/Coral+Reef+Auquarium+Facility+at+the+UoS+Waterfront+Campus+%28Credit+WIedenmann+D%27Angelo%29+High+Res.jpg Blog - Job Vacancy @thefosterlab - Make it stand out Coral Reef Auquarium Facility at the UoS Waterfront Campus (Credit WIedenmann D'Angelo) http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2020/10/12/phd-opportunities-thefosterlab-2021-start-kn78g monthly 0.5 2021-06-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1602506905634-PUOES8T9HMRW6KHGUP4S/image-asset.jpeg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab start 2021 still available! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1602506807137-TPBHQQGWSOTZDDUSHR1C/coral+Xsection.png Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab start 2021 still available! Coral Reefs are the largest bioconstructions on the planet. The 3d Framework of a reef is made by the skeletons of colonial scleractinian corals. Each colonies skeleton is constructed in a micron-sized space sandwiched between the existing skeleton and the coral animal. Schematic anatomy of colonial coral from Tambutte et al. (2011) labelled A and B http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2020/10/12/phd-opportunities-thefosterlab-2021-start monthly 0.5 2020-11-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1602506508231-75FUPZT8WSWS85RTPAO1/forams-B.jpg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2021 Start https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1602506905634-PUOES8T9HMRW6KHGUP4S/image-asset.jpeg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2021 Start https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1602506807137-TPBHQQGWSOTZDDUSHR1C/coral+Xsection.png Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2021 Start Coral Reefs are the largest bioconstructions on the planet. The 3d Framework of a reef is made by the skeletons of colonial scleractinian corals. Each colonies skeleton is constructed in a micron-sized space sandwiched between the existing skeleton and the coral animal. Schematic anatomy of colonial coral from Tambutte et al. (2011) labelled A and B http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2020/5/14/co2-in-may-2020-at-417-ppm-highest-in-at-least-25-million-years monthly 0.5 2020-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1589467119090-M1Y0RHVV5TA10ZTN5DB9/Update+CO2+2020.PNG Blog - CO2 in May 2020 at 417 ppm – highest in at least 2.5 million years Plio-Pleistocene CO2 from ice core (red) and boron isotopes (blue). Sources indicated on text and listed here. Data downloadable here and Rscript here to make your own version of this figure. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2019/11/28/additional-phd-opportunity-2020-start monthly 0.5 2019-11-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1574967795771-TPQ50NEO28Y9NOXXRN9N/flood%2Bvolcanism.jpg Blog - Additional PhD opportunity 2020 start! http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2019/10/10/phd-opportunities-thefosterlab-2020-start monthly 0.5 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570716953014-8LUBEGY5GO4WCHC3W3IX/AirPollution1.JPG Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2020 start Figure showing element maps of urban PM made using laser ablation ICPMS from Gligorovski et al. (2008). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570717195608-GSUQA9GR66AACC09RQ53/shipinport.jpg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2020 start Photo showing the smoke plume from a cruise ship in dock in Southampton. The city has a diverse series of pollution sources that make mitigation a challenge that can be solved by the technical innovation offered by this project. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570717564551-AB068ECQWN1WNMMM8FQT/Theme2image+mod.jpg Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2020 start https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570717929982-L4YE7OFAV8UE7B8CTL52/IMG_5240.JPG Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2020 start Orbulina Universa being probed with microelectrodes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570717982313-2MIAYUL92QZWK3JY1H5P/IMG_5218.JPG Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterLab 2020 start The microenvironment around a foraminfera being probed http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2019/5/14/415-ppm-co2-threshold-crossed-may-2019 monthly 0.5 2019-05-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1557871262518-727S051O18760Y5MIN2J/Rplot06.jpg Blog - 415 ppm CO2 threshold crossed May 2019 Plio-Pleistocene CO2 from ice core (red) and boron isotopes (blue). Sources indicated on text and listed here. Data downloadable here and Rscript here to make your own version of this figure. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/12/18/gavin-takes-part-in-award-winning-radio-programme monthly 0.5 2018-12-18 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/11/2/phd-opportunities-thefosterlab monthly 0.5 2018-11-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1541188315218-ZX5XQYAW09OSNS4SQAON/Coraline+algae+d11B.JPG Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterlab Boron isotopic composition of coralline algae at super-high resolution determined using laser ablation by Fietzke et al. (2015, PNAS). Examining the boron & carbon isotope variability at this scale in Project 1 is key for unpicking the health of coral reefs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1541188644380-I4SYMR55IU346R1FTA32/Misra.JPG Blog - PhD opportunities @theFosterlab The Li, Sr and Os isotopic composition of the oceans over the last 70 million years from Misra et al. (2012). Project 2 investigates the role of the changing carbonate system in driving d7Li. Project 3 revisits the variability in 87Sr/86Sr over the Cenozoic to better determine the relationship between silicate weathering and climate. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/9/4/hyperthermals-insights-into-our-warm-future-from-past-rapid-changes-in-climate monthly 0.5 2018-09-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1536057681268-HIDWH2RGETG46ZAPLX1R/flood+volcanism.jpg Blog - Hyperthermals - insights into our warm future from past rapid changes in climate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1536057519170-PSV0J1ATJTAX01GJNQDZ/PTRS.JPG Blog - Hyperthermals - insights into our warm future from past rapid changes in climate A summary of the most significant hyperthermals of the last 300 million years. Italics indicate a high degree of uncertainty. From Foster et al. (2018) - click here, also see original paper for references. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1536058343138-5Y8P66UKDNIWSPPWCFCI/Gattuso.JPG Blog - Hyperthermals - insights into our warm future from past rapid changes in climate http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/7/21/an-unprecedented-degree-of-undersaturation monthly 0.5 2018-07-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1532178666432-UCM1TL0M0IVY9E216NRM/Sosdian.JPG Blog - An unprecedented degree of undersaturation? Surface water pH (A), atmospheric CO2 (B) and surface water aragonite saturation state (C) over the last 20 million years. Bands encompass the mean and 1sigma uncertainty. The different colours represent different scenarios (see the paper for more detail). The plots on the right-hand side show historical (grey) and future projections from Winklemann et al. (2015). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1532179018370-FQUXC0XPDQD95VOWNBZ0/Hoenisch12.JPG Blog - An unprecedented degree of undersaturation? http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/5/6/410-ppm-co2-for-april-2018-first-time-in-millions-of-years monthly 0.5 2018-05-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1525631933500-SBTCP6KG8XG8RRR7A716/CO2-2018.GIF Blog - 410 ppm CO2 for April 2018 - first time in millions of years.... Atmospheric CO2 from AD 1000 to AD 2018 (right) from a mix of ice core records and measuresments of the astmosphere from Mauna Lao. On the left is a compilation of ice core CO2 (red) and boron isotope based estimates (blue). Note the age scales are different but y-axis is the same. See this document for references. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/4/19/research-experience-placement-for-summer-2018 monthly 0.5 2018-04-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1524128460778-2MZWWPQ7GUBPQA3MESAJ/IMG_5240.JPG Blog - Research Experience Placement for Summer 2018 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1524128670736-GIH1NA37OXVPZ94W1Y61/IMG_5173.JPG Blog - Research Experience Placement for Summer 2018 The micro-environment around the planktic foram O.Universa being analysed for O2 and pH (top). A close up of a live O. universa collected Nov 2017 from the Sargasso Sea, Bermuda (bottom) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1524128600077-EL4F5Q5BHRJULNZMLK2D/IMG_5218.JPG Blog - Research Experience Placement for Summer 2018 Larger view of the O. universa being probed in the laboratory using micro-electrodes http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2018/1/22/narrowing-in-on-equilibrium-climate-sensitivity monthly 0.5 2018-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1516617283173-LSPJJC5NQDDQKLHINWDT/ECS+thru+Time.PNG Blog - Narrowing in on Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity The evolution of the estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity over the last 130 years. From Steve Schwartz with the addition of the 2013 AR5 IPCC report. http://www.ecd.bnl.gov/steve/schwartz.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1516617553937-L7LACMXMWIY4C1XG848E/ECS+Cox.PNG Blog - Narrowing in on Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1516617777845-LGEVDIEFNCZEGG333HUZ/Goodwin_etal_against_Cox_etal.jpg Blog - Narrowing in on Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1516618212476-JD54C93WZ9EEVXMGHNVQ/Cumulative+Emissions.PNG Blog - Narrowing in on Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/12/19/2017-the-highest-co2-for-millions-of-years monthly 0.5 2017-12-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1513720807375-0JCHWQ4BQA5VM8RP4KDG/Capture.PNG Blog - 2017 - The highest CO2 for millions of years Atmospheric CO2 from AD 1000 to AD 2017 (right) from a mix of ice core records and measuresments of the astmosphere from Mauna Lao. On the left is a compilation of ice core CO2 (red) and boron isotope based estimates (blue). Note the age scales are different but y-axis is the same. See this document for references. http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/11/16/phd-projects-thefosterlab monthly 0.5 2017-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510828354769-TVKY1E0EZ8TOAGY6RVPB/MIS100.JPG Blog - PhD projects @TheFosterlab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510828705507-NKK3HHF1O5UEFVC1E7XH/MtCook.jpg Blog - PhD projects @TheFosterlab http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/11/13/rachael-goes-to-bats monthly 0.5 2017-11-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510608409325-N59IKH08FXLTAB22QL3Q/jack.jpg Blog - Rachael goes to BATS Searching from the bridge for glider Jack https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510608469164-8WAPOZ4FQNZP0L164GGH/leaving.jpg Blog - Rachael goes to BATS Leaving BIOS https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510608707340-7DU3E187D1VH5QB5BZFB/CTD.jpg Blog - Rachael goes to BATS CTD as it enters the water and begins its’ descent to 5500m! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510608923711-EHDLI6UDIFTEHH4NTBST/net.jpg Blog - Rachael goes to BATS Deploying a zooplankton tow https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1510608794736-87N1NE38WA0C9OSKBBJT/traps.jpg Blog - Rachael goes to BATS Sediment traps http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/7/5/science-week-2017-oakwood-primary-school monthly 0.5 2017-07-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1499277260802-6TUII42C1Q2C86JOLIQI/han+and+rach+2.jpg Blog - Science Week 2017 @ Oakwood Primary School Hannah Donald and Rachael Shuttleworth visit Oakwood Primary School https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1499277461760-GF4JQOY7IL4ZNQO62RX4/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Science Week 2017 @ Oakwood Primary School https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1499277500536-E8I504ACH2OIB9S2D1S0/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Science Week 2017 @ Oakwood Primary School http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/5/5/alk-vs-dic monthly 0.5 2017-05-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1493981482693-XG7KJO58ED3WYPHJ1WHE/DIC+vs+ALK.jpg Blog - ALK vs. DIC ALK vs. DIC from Foster and Rae (2016; 10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012226 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2017/2/26/a-trip-to-new-zealand monthly 0.5 2017-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1488142812089-VPVPI8DR1YGMWE4FCP8H/image-asset.jpeg Blog - My trip to New Zealand https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1488142924780-T2Z09BI7A9GDK4ERCUJX/image-asset.jpeg Blog - My trip to New Zealand https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1488143615852-G9Z34PDP7DHT8XVRCYWC/image-asset.jpeg Blog - My trip to New Zealand https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1488143655285-AIJ355ALSCG0KY21G31R/image-asset.jpeg Blog - My trip to New Zealand https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1488143056516-KFJ1ZXA0F2PCYBMAIVDN/image-asset.jpeg Blog - My trip to New Zealand http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/11/12/future-relevant-climate-sensitivity-part-deux monthly 0.5 2016-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1478970158197-71H5ETA6TM9RO7M08YK2/Fig+1+S+vs+T.jpg Blog - Future relevant climate sensitivity (part deux) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1478970187092-WJWGPG1IY1VA0LDGSDXK/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Future relevant climate sensitivity (part deux) http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/10/13/phd-opportunities-with-thefosterlab monthly 0.5 2016-12-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1476364050817-EA81WV5AES8L7Z4YE5Q2/image-asset.jpeg Blog - PhD opportunities with @theFosterlab http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/9/27/future-relevant-earth-system-sensitivity monthly 0.5 2016-09-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1475005517314-TYQ0VHLY3KQTJVOQABDF/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Future Relevant Earth System Sensitivity http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/6/18/2016-the-first-year-of-400-ppm-the-foster-lab-interviewed-on-bbc-radio-weather-show monthly 0.5 2016-06-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1466235813735-466OGYV4JQEO15S6C29J/image-asset.jpeg Blog - 2016: the first year of 400 ppm? The Foster Lab interviewed on BBC Radio Weather Show http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/6/13/vacancies-thefosterlab-and-in-the-geochemistry-group monthly 0.5 2016-06-13 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/4/25/ancient-marine-sediments-provide-clues-to-future-climate-change monthly 0.5 2016-04-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1461601664972-93Z5A5GKUH1AY5HABDW2/image-asset.png Blog - Ancient marine sediments provide clues to future climate change Fossil planktonic foraminifera (33-50 million years old) from Tanzania by Paul Pearson, Cardiff University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1461602293380-DPZ0EOW3UHRX6BZU08MV/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Ancient marine sediments provide clues to future climate change http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2016/4/16/co2-experiment monthly 0.5 2016-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1460839701175-PALMGIFGO6OWJAEMKO0V/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Earth in a bottle - CO2 games on my kitchen bench https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1460839996648-0GTILEKQPBK9TQ6ZAU7Q/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Earth in a bottle - CO2 games on my kitchen bench http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2015/12/22/decent-into-the-icehouse-teaser-trailer monthly 0.5 2015-12-22 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2015/11/17/data-and-r-script-for-plotting-400-ppm-figure monthly 0.5 2015-11-17 http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2015/11/11/is-this-the-last-year-below-400-ppm monthly 0.5 2015-11-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1447274126700-YQRVBS1V240COZO318G3/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Is this the last year below 400 ppm? CO2 compilation from ice core (in red; Bereiter et al., 2015, GRL, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061957) and boron isotopes in blue (Hoenisch et al., 2009, Science, doi: 10.1126/science.1171477 and Martinez-Boti et al., 2015, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature14145) http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2015/10/2/fully-funded-phds monthly 0.5 2015-10-12 http://www.thefosterlab.org/home daily 1.0 2022-07-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1444403013713-3PW60S3KU9FAZFA6D8J6/forams.jpg The Foster Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1440608605052-CV4KMGQ9BQ9EV2C4ESPQ/JR.jpg The Foster Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1440608652745-7T2YRL2H5PNZP2XYZ5Q3/image-asset.jpeg The Foster Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1440609080417-O3FXBZI4G4FMVORJIR9G/Publications.jpg The Foster Lab http://www.thefosterlab.org/how-hot daily 0.75 2015-07-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1437066222127-N49YWHNA564BYX0FRKWO/SST+future.jpg How hot will it get? http://www.thefosterlab.org/our-publications daily 0.75 2016-12-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1440607812126-DI0LE86CVL9BCDILTXU4/IMG_1343.JPG Our Publications http://www.thefosterlab.org/contact daily 0.75 2023-11-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1437246994797-YQ6XRTANFS6XFWK4IFN4/National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg Contact & Opportunities http://www.thefosterlab.org/proxy-development daily 0.75 2015-10-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1440009475900-OKDLSEFK6KZTQ7HIDECB/Boron.jpg The Boron Isotope pH-proxy http://www.thefosterlab.org/historic-climate-change daily 0.75 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1437249913832-RWBUAW9B1C57GWWXH8EF/IMG_1452.JPG Historic Climate Change https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1508865722282-O30WYIZTBOQ88Z3SOMWZ/ALOHA.jpg Historic Climate Change A Smoothed time series of atmospheric (red) and oceanic (blue) pCO2 and ocean pH (green). From Hawaii (Mauna Loa and Station Aloha). From IPCC AR5 Chapter 3 (http://ipcc.ch/) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1508866211739-3SQ5TLEG9XJDV8YSXXMG/buckets.jpg Historic Climate Change Evolving bucket technology - for 100 years buckets like this were used to take measurements of sea surface temperature (see here for more) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1508865998470-QQKK2STI756UR8HGKLXK/Bias.JPG Historic Climate Change Estimated Bias adjustment for global mean SST due to evolving technology of measurement. From Kent et al. (2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1508867153183-NQ2VLRA8Z72TTTPEP84D/Corals+2.JPG Historic Climate Change X-rays of coral slabs from belize, showing annualy bands. trenches show region sampled by microdrill. From Fowell et al. 2016 http://www.thefosterlab.org/pco2org daily 0.75 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511266076375-B1E3KQ8MG4KBB0L7HNGC/Fig_1_air_bubbles_in_ice_BAS_jpeg.jpg Palaeocean-CO2.org https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1631529568948-CD52YY4X3DF4U7TBRRIA/Rae+Cenozoic+2021-2.PNG Palaeocean-CO2.org Cenozoic CO2 from Marine Archives and Global Climate. Taken from rae et al. (2021) - click for further details. http://www.thefosterlab.org/mpt daily 0.75 2017-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511268202145-ELUKVV5K9NW0BXLIDC5C/FigBox5.1-1.jpg What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511273098134-GQ9LLA3I5XAH5EWO364N/CO2+and+Sealevel.JPG What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? The relationship between atmospheric CO2 (red) and sea-level (blue) over the last 500 thousand years. From Foster and Rohling (2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511273642342-NQ4YS3X61Y29H79HZSLO/ecc_zero.gif What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511273677646-LJLMUP533RNVGDRTLYB4/obliquity.jpg What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? four images showing the variations in orbit, tilt and precession https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511273660190-KHUMC2XT532CG22W9OL6/ecc_half.gif What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511273691991-QMFA3MSFUSOAHYM20ZBY/precession.jpg What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511274948957-Q04FWMKS53ASY83VS7OC/orbital_variation.gif What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? the Orbital cycles over the last 100 kyr and for 200 kyr in the future. All these orbital images from here https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1511276472173-HCMPEVBKP7M08MCHUKBB/Huybers.JPG What Caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transistion? Obliquity pacing climate over the last 2 million years. Here climate is expressed as d18O - which is the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera - up is warm and little or no ice in the North, down is cold and lots of ice in the north. From Huybers et al. (2007) http://www.thefosterlab.org/airborne-particulate-pollution daily 0.75 2023-08-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570732493470-5IPEYGYL83R93XQJ1QUD/shipinport.jpg Fingerprinting Airborne Particulate Pollution https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570733116943-D9M2DX7HLHU42S23I5W9/Natasha+pollution.jpg Fingerprinting Airborne Particulate Pollution PhD student Natasha Easton sets up two of our PM samplers in Southampton https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570733811859-6TSVNBONOO2MIS6QDYBD/PM+monitor.JPG Fingerprinting Airborne Particulate Pollution Low-Costs sensor package we developed https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1570733997971-5NO8MCK43HBHDSFJ3IAR/particulate.jpg Fingerprinting Airborne Particulate Pollution PM collected using our high volume impactor from NOCS Dockside http://www.thefosterlab.org/future-of-corals daily 0.75 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588598161321-3FXHNRBJVRG0PFJ877AL/1+Reef+are+nurseries+for+many+of+the+ocean%27s+fish+%28Credit+Wiedenmann+D%27Angelo%29+mod.jpg What Does the Future Hold for Coral Reefs? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588608008412-W30UMDP4M01HIGC3JMWH/image-asset.jpeg What Does the Future Hold for Coral Reefs? Coral skeletons form the 3D structure of a Reef (Credit Wiedenmann D'Angelo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588606971072-674240J0L1UR3P547PUO/image-asset.jpeg What Does the Future Hold for Coral Reefs? Coral Reef Auquarium Facility at the UoS Waterfront Campus (Credit WIedenmann D'Angelo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588607823994-U5Q4EHJUNA30RQRMSW56/SEM.jpg What Does the Future Hold for Coral Reefs? SEM image of the skeleton of Siderastrea sidereal showing variation in porosity between structural elements (wall on left and right, columella in centre) http://www.thefosterlab.org/microns2reefs daily 0.75 2020-05-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588670987252-BD305UT10LHMJ6RX1J9Z/image-asset.jpeg Microns2Reefs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588673434119-N4RQWM5QP3R2BKG9CY1F/Envisat_image_of_the_Great_Barrier_Reef_off_Australia_s_Queensland_coast_pillars.jpg Microns2Reefs The Great Barrier Reef from Space - ESA (https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_the_Great_Barrier_Reef) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588671420067-M4JP9HGUVNEK3YT9QWLJ/image-asset.jpeg Microns2Reefs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1588672723744-9KNIPKNO73YCO8T5926E/coral+Xsection.png Microns2Reefs Coral Reefs are the largest bioconstructions on the planet. The 3d Framework of a reef is made by the skeletons of colonial scleractinian corals. Each colonies skeleton is constructed in a micron-sized space sandwiched between the existing skeleton and the coral animal. Schematic anatomy of colonial coral from Tambutte et al. (2011) labelled A and B http://www.thefosterlab.org/who-are-we1 daily 0.75 2025-11-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1658939812706-DOXVZEJUF4PYVBXUTYS2/05010001.JPG Who Are We? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/0a3401ce-fc38-45b1-b9fe-1e465f8c3325/_8JB2991+%282%29.jpg Who Are We? PrOfessor Gavin Foster https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/c5287e94-7728-4cb8-b8c5-8315db3e0261/H+Goring+Harford.jpg_SIA_JPG_fit_to_width_INLINE.jpg Who Are We? Dr Heather Goring-Harford https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/d2a77f11-8f86-44bf-98c0-1adc231edf5a/Zifei.jpg Who Are We? Dr Zifei Yang https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/efef4bef-1430-4a84-91bb-d565f55ae31e/Tessa.jpg Who Are We? Dr Tessa Page https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/3ad9f64c-6210-4bb9-9881-e6bb9904902f/rockies-portrait.-e_hPYFH_1rbImW.webp Who Are We? - Make it stand out Dr Tom Arney https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/6105d697-8d43-4846-9483-b2556b1a5dab/Chris+Standish.jpg Who Are We? Dr Christopher Standish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/d046ac16-50f9-4100-97bb-42765dc362c7/Rachel+B.jpg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Dr Rachel Brown https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/285fcb56-ed36-43f4-9c55-97cef774ee39/Mug.jpg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Dr Jacob Trend https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/0607553f-de57-4e0a-9857-dcbcb778926d/Joe+Furby.jpg Who Are We? Joe Furby https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/d038ffb6-4bc5-48e6-847c-89067cc7cdc6/Julian.jpeg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Julian Fuchs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/cbb7b32d-7baa-4c38-a2f9-ba2ae866ef58/Guy+mugshot.jpeg Who Are We? Guy Morley https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/96937294-90c7-440e-9f87-937ab953ccae/Jakob+placeholder.jpg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Jakob Kleboe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/93058a36-cb7e-49dc-a079-749193a5019c/Elisha.jpg Who Are We? Elisha Hayes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/b5f23b4b-c9be-46de-8c92-3d538e0e1488/Elise.jpeg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Elise Harrington https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/6255186e-2c83-444d-bf95-d1809e893cf5/Rachel.jpg Who Are We? Wai Ching Rachel Chu https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/b3ad81f4-b02a-463d-adc6-a560620d5ab4/Freya+Sykes.jpg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Freya Sykes (UiT) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/e94250bd-115e-4e61-ac4e-5f21809428cb/Liam.JPG Who Are We? - Make it stand out Liam Edgeway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/b212e484-763d-4b07-aa26-401c033c2fa4/Joe+Hingley.jpg Who Are We? - Make it stand out Joe Hingley http://www.thefosterlab.org/biomineralisation-vital-effects daily 0.75 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1719413930390-G2QKLK2BCAYWCX6TRA3D/SEM.jpg Biomineralisation and Proxy “Vital Effects” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/9ad127b9-967b-4c1e-8a4e-9283b55cf4ce/F8-2.jpg Biomineralisation and Proxy “Vital Effects” A 2d geochemical image of a foraminifera collected using our LA-TOF-ICPMS. Note how, for nearly all these elements, there are micron-scale variations across the test. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/ab6c3a28-09f5-499b-87c3-3ea86d4a04ae/DSC.PNG Biomineralisation and Proxy “Vital Effects” Image of a deep sea coral skeleton that when sectioned reveals considerable structural heterogeneity, reflecting different biomineralisation strategies for the different structural features. From Standish et al. (2024). http://www.thefosterlab.org/geochem-cmi daily 0.75 2025-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1719501599313-YVEINNT06E1G24N4T59K/DY081.jpg Putting Geochemistry in a CMI Framework https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/a91882f3-3fc1-4240-acf6-7e6a49772295/Aonishi.PNG Putting Geochemistry in a CMI Framework Schematic showing how images are made using Laser Ablation ICPMS. Modified from Aonishi et al. (J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2018, 33, 2210–2218) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/80d11f29-4de3-437a-9763-51d4bfc8fb4b/microCT.jpg Putting Geochemistry in a CMI Framework - Make it stand out One of the Micro-CT at the University of Southampton scanning coral nubbins. https://www.southampton.ac.uk/muvis/index.page http://www.thefosterlab.org/tonic daily 0.75 2024-06-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1719504708570-RSRY6OFSEH5NTONJWQWM/oligocene_planktonic_foraminifera.jpg Solving the Oligocene Icehouse Conundrum (TONIC) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/2294dcd4-c915-4cdb-8424-27c03ad91d03/tonic_logo.png Solving the Oligocene Icehouse Conundrum (TONIC) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/2f1f31e4-3413-4c6b-8d12-3c5ea732e920/rae1.jpeg Solving the Oligocene Icehouse Conundrum (TONIC) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.thefosterlab.org/cforce daily 0.75 2024-06-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1719505461962-ZJTDCNV8O0SL90R2NOCK/flood%2Bvolcanism.jpg C-FORCE: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks from Response to Carbon Emissions https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/37ab440e-218c-4de2-be37-6bd9f0c79070/plume.png C-FORCE: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks from Response to Carbon Emissions - Make it stand out Schematic of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, the source of Carbon to the atmosphere During the PETM (from Jones et al., 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12957-1) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/1de2bfbb-1471-44c5-960c-ec1228932404/forams.jpg C-FORCE: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks from Response to Carbon Emissions - Make it stand out Foraminifera are the principal archive of paleoclimate information across the PETM. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/635542e6-5376-4f92-84d8-a231c00f28ab/gutjahr.png C-FORCE: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks from Response to Carbon Emissions - Make it stand out Paleoclimate records from the PETM showing the carbon isotope excursion (a and B) and the d11B excursion that tracks ocean acidification (c) and oxygen isotopes that trace warming. From Gutjahr et al. (2017; https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23646) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55967e85e4b0e6e634c12b6f/3160758b-9ee3-44dd-997b-374bb7579275/pH+PETM.png C-FORCE: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks from Response to Carbon Emissions - Make it stand out REconstructed pH change across the PETM using Boron isotopes (from Gutjahr et al. 2017; https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23646/)